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Inco Superstack

Coordinates: 46°28′48.23″N 81°3′23.43″W / 46.4800639°N 81.0565083°W / 46.4800639; -81.0565083
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Inco Superstack
The Vale-Inco (former Inco) Superstack at the Inco Copper Cliff smelter
Map
Alternative namesVale Superstack
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1971 to 1987[I]
Preceded byMitchell Power Plant
Surpassed byEkibastuz GRES-2 Power Station
General information
TypeChimney
Town or cityGreater Sudbury
CountryCanada
Coordinates46°28′48.23″N 81°3′23.43″W / 46.4800639°N 81.0565083°W / 46.4800639; -81.0565083
Construction started1970
Completed1972
Cost$25 million ($160 million inflation adjusted)
OwnerVale Limited
Height381 m (1,250 ft)
Dimensions
Diameterat base: 35 m (115 ft)
at top: 16 m (52 ft)
Technical details
MaterialReinforced concrete with stainless steel liner
References
[1]

The Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario, with a height of 381 metres (1,250 ft), is the tallest chimney in Canada and the Western Hemisphere, and the second-tallest freestanding chimney in the world after the Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan. It is also the second-tallest freestanding structure of any type in Canada, behind the CN Tower but ahead of First Canadian Place. As of 2023, it is the 51st-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The Superstack is located on top of the largest nickel smelting operation in the world at Vale's Copper Cliff processing facility in the city of Greater Sudbury.

In 2018, Vale announced that the stack would be decommissioned and dismantled, beginning in 2020.[2] Two new, smaller stacks were constructed under the company's Clean Atmospheric Emissions Reduction Project.[3] In July 2020, Vale announced that the Superstack had been officially taken out of service, but would remain operational in standby mode for two more months as a backup in the event of a malfunction in the new system,[4] following which the dismantling of the Superstack would begin.[5] As of 2024, however, Vale has not yet announced the awarding of a demolition contract on the Superstack, and some have called for the stack to be left in place as a tourist attraction;[6] in September 2024, Vale announced an updated plan which will see the stack dismantled by 2029.[7]

In addition to further reducing sulphur dioxide emissions by 85 per cent, the decommissioning of the stack was expected to cut the complex's natural gas consumption in half.[4]

History

[edit]

The Superstack was built by Inco Limited (and later purchased by Vale) at an estimated cost of 25 million dollars. Construction on the structure was underway during the Sudbury tornado of August 20, 1970; the structure swayed heavily in the wind, but remained standing and suffered only minor damage.[8] Six workers were on top of the construction platform when the storm hit, and all survived.[8] The same day was the final day of construction on the stack, with the construction fully completed by the evening of August 21, 1970.[9]

The stack entered into full operation in 1972.[1] From the date of its completion until the Ekibastuz GRES-2 chimney was constructed in 1987,[10] it was the world's tallest smokestack. Between the years 1972–75 it was the tallest freestanding structure in Canada.

Blackened rocks in 2012

Prior to the construction of the Superstack, the waste gases contributed to severe local ecological damage. The Copper Cliff smelter was already home to some of the world's tallest stacks, including two 500 ft (150 m) chimneys constructed in 1928-29 and 1936.[11] However, these proved to be insufficient and compounded by open coke beds in the early to mid-20th century and logging for fuel, an inevitable near-total loss of native vegetation occurred. Of particular interest to geologists are the now exposed rocky outcrops, which have been permanently stained charcoal black, first by the pollution wafting over the decades from the roasting yards, then by the acid rain in a layer which penetrates up to three inches into the once pink-grey granite.

The Superstack was built to disperse sulphur gases and other byproducts of the smelting process away from the city of Sudbury. It did this by placing the gases high in the air, where they normally blew right past the city on the prevailing winds. As a result, these gases could be detected in the atmosphere around Greater Sudbury in a 240 kilometres (150 mi) radius of the Inco plant. During the 1970s and 80s, the sulphur dioxide plume formed a permanent, opaque, cloud-like formation running across the entire horizon as seen from a distance. Periodic inversions would cause the plume to fall into the city.[citation needed]

Construction of the Superstack was followed by an environmental reclamation project which included rehabilitation of existing landscapes and selected water bodies such as Lake Ramsey. An ambitious regreening plan saw over three million new trees planted within the Greater Sudbury area. In 1992, Inco and the city were given an award by the United Nations in honour of their environmental rehabilitation programmes.[citation needed]

On November 3, 2014, Vale announced that they may decide to stop using the stack, following a $1 billion project to reduce emissions by 85% that negates the need for the stack. If no other use for it is found, Vale may decommission the superstack, demolish it, and replace it with a much smaller chimney.[12] In 2017, Vale announced plans to decommission the Superstack upon the construction of two smaller, more energy efficient stacks.[13][14] On July 28, 2020, Vale updated that news, stating that the stack at its Copper Cliff Complex had been taken out of service. It would remain on "hot standby" for about two months while the replacement flue connections were tested but the stack would then be demolished over the years.[15]

Emissions

[edit]
The Inco Superstack dominates the Sudbury skyline.

While the Superstack lowered the ground-level pollution in the city, it has dispersed sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide gases over a much larger area. Though not the single source of lake acidification, it appears the heavily industrialized Ohio Valley has contributed to the ecological problem of lakes as far north as northern Ontario. Research from data gleaned up to the late 1980s demonstrated acid rain to have affected the biology of some 7,000 lakes.

Prior to Vale's purchase of Inco, a major construction effort by Inco in the early 1990s dramatically scrubbed waste gases before pumping them up the Superstack. These upgrades were completed in 1994 and emissions from then on have been much reduced.[16] By comparison to the plume prior to installation, the plume now disperses quite rapidly and is often see-through even at the stack site.

Emissions reductions and increases in thermal efficiency have reached the point where natural draught is no longer sufficient to draw flue gas up the stack, necessitating the use of induced draught fans and/or reheating of the flue gas using natural gas burners.[17]

As well as SO2 emissions, Inco's Superstack has had very high arsenic, nickel and lead emissions to the atmosphere. In 1998, Inco emitted 146.7 tonnes of lead from Copper Cliff while producing 238,500 tonnes of nickel-copper matte. This is 150 times more lead emission than would be permitted by a US EPA-regulated lead smelter producing 238,500 tonnes of lead.[18] As a result of the excessive lead emissions from the Inco Superstack, the surrounding community of Copper Cliff was found to have levels of lead in soil tests at a level sufficient to cause harm to young children.[19]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Vale's Iconic Superstack: History and Key Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
  2. ^ "Superstack dismantling will begin in 2020, Vale says". CBC Northern Ontario, September 19, 2018.
  3. ^ Molly Frommer, "Two new smaller stacks are ready, decommissioning of Sudbury's Superstack about to begin". CTV Northern Ontario, September 10, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Sudbury's iconic Superstack operational no more". Northern Ontario Business, July 28, 2020.
  5. ^ Lindsay Kelly, "Slow process of demolition to start on Vale's Superstack". Northern Ontario Business, July 29, 2020.
  6. ^ Judith Van Boxel, "Column: Why tear down the Superstack? Turn it into a tourist attraction". Sudbury Star, May 17, 2023.
  7. ^ "Sudbury's Superstack slated for demolition by 2029". Northern Ontario Business, September 4, 2024.
  8. ^ a b "90 mile winds smash Sudbury area". Toronto Star, August 20, 1970. p. 1.
  9. ^ "Smokestack resisted gale to become world's tallest". Toronto Star, August 22, 1970. p. D3.
  10. ^ "GRES-2 Chimney (Ekibastuz, 1987)". structurae.net. Structurae. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  11. ^ INCO Triangle, December 1962, pp. 6–7, 14.
  12. ^ Jonathan Migneault (November 3, 2014). "Vale examines Superstack's future". Northern Life. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
  13. ^ "Superstack to be decommissioned, but no immediate plans for demolition". cbc.ca. January 24, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  14. ^ "Continuous Improvement: The Superstack to be taken out of service" (Press release).
  15. ^ "Sudbury's iconic Superstack no longer operational". TimminsToday. July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  16. ^ "Process Overview". Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  17. ^ Northern Ontario Business
  18. ^ "Pollution Probe - Sulphur Dioxide and Toxic Metal Emissions from Smelters in Ontario" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  19. ^ Risk Management - Follow Up to the Sudbury Soils Study Human Health Risk Assessment
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inco Superstack.
Records
Preceded by World's tallest chimney
380 m (1247 ft)
1971–1987 		Succeeded by
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